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National trends and disparities in retail food environments in the USA between 1990 and 2014
- Jana A Hirsch, Yuzhe Zhao, Steven Melly, Kari A Moore, Nicolas Berger, James Quinn, Andrew Rundle, Gina S Lovasi
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- Journal:
- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 26 / Issue 5 / May 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 January 2023, pp. 1052-1062
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Objective:
To describe national disparities in retail food environments by neighbourhood composition (race/ethnicity and socio-economic status) across time and space.
Design:We examined built food environments (retail outlets) between 1990 and 2014 for census tracts in the contiguous USA (n 71 547). We measured retail food environment as counts of all food stores, all unhealthy food sources (including fast food, convenience stores, bakeries and ice cream) and healthy food stores (including supermarkets, fruit and vegetable markets) from National Establishment Time Series business data. Changes in food environment were mapped to display spatial patterns. Multi-level Poisson models, clustered by tract, estimated time trends in counts of food stores with a land area offset and independent variables population density, racial composition (categorised as predominantly one race/ethnicity (>60 %) or mixed), and inflation-adjusted income tertile.
Setting:The contiguous USA between 1990 and 2014.
Participants:All census tracts (n 71 547).
Results:All food stores and unhealthy food sources increased, while the subcategory healthy food remained relatively stable. In models adjusting for population density, predominantly non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, Asian and mixed tracts had significantly more destinations of all food categories than predominantly non-Hispanic White tracts. This disparity increased over time, predominantly driven by larger increases in unhealthy food sources for tracts which were not predominantly non-Hispanic White. Income and food store access were inversely related, although disparities narrowed over time.
Conclusions:Our findings illustrate a national food landscape with both persistent and shifting spatial patterns in the availability of establishments across neighbourhoods with different racial/ethnic and socio-economic compositions.
Notes on contributors
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- By Margaret Bent, Anna Maria Busse Berger, Lawrence F. Bernstein, Bonnie J. Blackburn, M. Jennifer Bloxam, Philippe Canguilhem, Julie E. Cumming, Anthony M. Cummings, David Fallows, David Fiala, Alison K. Frazier, James Hankins, Leofranc Holford-Strevens, Deborah Howard, Andrew Kirkman, Michael Long, Laurenz Lütteken, Evan A. MacCarthy, Patrick Macey, Honey Meconi, John Milsom, Klaus Pietschmann, Alejandro Enrique Planchart, Yolanda Plumley, Keith Polk, Anne Walters Robertson, Jesse Rodin, David J. Rothenberg, Thomas Schmidt-Beste, Peter Schubert, Nicole Schwindt, Richard Sherr, Pamela F. Starr, Anne Stone, Reinhard Strohm, Richard Taruskin, Blake Wilson, Emily Zazulia
- Edited by Anna Maria Busse Berger, University of California, Davis, Jesse Rodin, Stanford University, California
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- The Cambridge History of Fifteenth-Century Music
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- 05 July 2015
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- 16 July 2015, pp xix-xxvi
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Frontmatter
- Edited by Abhay Ashtekar, Pennsylvania State University, Beverly K. Berger, James Isenberg, University of Oregon, Malcolm MacCallum, University of Bristol
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- General Relativity and Gravitation
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- 05 June 2015
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- 01 June 2015, pp i-iv
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Contents
- Edited by Abhay Ashtekar, Pennsylvania State University, Beverly K. Berger, James Isenberg, University of Oregon, Malcolm MacCallum, University of Bristol
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- General Relativity and Gravitation
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- 05 June 2015
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- 01 June 2015, pp v-xii
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List of contributors
- Edited by Abhay Ashtekar, Pennsylvania State University, Beverly K. Berger, James Isenberg, University of Oregon, Malcolm MacCallum, University of Bristol
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- General Relativity and Gravitation
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- 05 June 2015
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- 01 June 2015, pp xv-xviii
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List of figures
- Edited by Abhay Ashtekar, Pennsylvania State University, Beverly K. Berger, James Isenberg, University of Oregon, Malcolm MacCallum, University of Bristol
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- General Relativity and Gravitation
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- 01 June 2015, pp xix-xxi
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Index
- Edited by Abhay Ashtekar, Pennsylvania State University, Beverly K. Berger, James Isenberg, University of Oregon, Malcolm MacCallum, University of Bristol
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- General Relativity and Gravitation
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- 05 June 2015
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- 01 June 2015, pp 667-674
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Part One - Einstein's Triumph
- Edited by Abhay Ashtekar, Pennsylvania State University, Beverly K. Berger, James Isenberg, University of Oregon, Malcolm MacCallum, University of Bristol
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- General Relativity and Gravitation
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- 05 June 2015
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Summary
Introduction
Recent media attention to the centenary of the outbreak of the First World War (WWI) reminds us that it was against this backdrop that Einstein, a Swiss citizen, announced the revolutionary theory of general relativity (GR). The war affected the theory's dissemination. Eddington's report introducing GR to the English-speaking world[1] relied on information from de Sitter in neutral Holland. Inevitably, the theory's adherents were caught up in the conflict, most notably Karl Schwarzschild, who died in 1916 while serving on the Russian front.
In 1915 Einstein was already a decade on from his annus mirabilis of 1905, in which he had announced the theory of special relativity, explained the already well-observed photoelectric effect as due to quantization of light (a vital step towards quantum theory), and explained Brownian motion assuming the reality of atoms, an explanation experimentally confirmed by Perrin in 1908. The second of these three great papers won him the 1921 Nobel prize – and they were not all he published that year! For example, he published the famous E = mc2 equation, which later gave the basis of nuclear fusion and fission (whence Einstein's intervention in the development of atom bombs). Fusion in particular explained how stars could hold themselves up against gravity as long as they do. So Einstein had already triumphed well before 1915.
However, he was aware that his work left an awkwardly unresolved question – the need for a theory of gravity compatible with special relativity that agreed with Newton's theory in an appropriate limit. Here we will not recount Einstein's intellectual development of general relativity, which resolved that problem, nor describe the interactions with friends and colleagues which helped him find the right formulation. Those are covered by some good histories of science, and biographies of Einstein, as well as his own writings.
Part Four - Beyond Einstein
- Edited by Abhay Ashtekar, Pennsylvania State University, Beverly K. Berger, James Isenberg, University of Oregon, Malcolm MacCallum, University of Bristol
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- General Relativity and Gravitation
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- 05 June 2015
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- 01 June 2015, pp 499-512
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Summary
Introduction
The remarkable advances summarized in the first three parts of this volume refer almost entirely to the well-established realm of classical general relativity (GR). However, Einstein [1] was quite aware of the limitations of his theory. In the context of cosmology he wrote, as early as in 1945,
“One may not assume the validity of field equations at very high density of field and matter and one may not conclude that the beginning of the expansion should be a singularity in the mathematical sense.”
By now, we know that classical physics cannot always be trusted even in the astronomical world because quantum phenomena are not limited just to tiny, microscopic systems. For example, neutron stars owe their very existence to a quintessentially quantum effect: the Fermi degeneracy pressure. At the nuclear density of ∼ 1015 g/cm3 encountered in neutron stars, this pressure becomes strong enough to counterbalance the mighty gravitational pull and halt the collapse. The Planck density is some eighty orders of magnitude higher! Astonishing as the reach of GR is, it cannot be stretched into the Planck regime; here one needs a grander theory that unifies the principles underlying both general relativity and quantum physics.
Early developments
Serious attempts at constructing such a theory date back to the 1930s with papers on the quantization of the linearized gravitational field by Rosenfeld [2] and Bronstein [3]. Bronstein's papers are particularly prescient in that he gave a formulation in terms of the electric and magnetic parts of the Weyl tensor and his equations have been periodically rediscovered all the way to 2002 [4]! Analysis of interactions between gravitons began only in the 1960s when Feynman extended his calculational tools from QED to general relativity [5]. Soon after, DeWitt completed this analysis by systematically formulating the Feynman rules for calculating the scattering amplitudes among gravitons and between gravitons and matter quanta.
Part Two - New Window on the Universe: Gravitational Waves
- Edited by Abhay Ashtekar, Pennsylvania State University, Beverly K. Berger, James Isenberg, University of Oregon, Malcolm MacCallum, University of Bristol
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- General Relativity and Gravitation
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- 05 June 2015
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- 01 June 2015, pp 233-241
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Summary
Introduction
Gravitational waves provide an opportunity to observe the universe in a completely new way but also give rise to an enormous challenge to take advantage of this opportunity. When Einstein first found wave solutions in linearized general relativity and derived the quadrupole formula, it became clear that a laboratory experiment to produce and detect gravitational waves was impossible, while it was also clear that any gravitational wave signals produced astronomically were too weak to be detected on earth with the instruments available or thought possible at that time. Nearly 100 years later, we are at the confluence of fundamental science and technology that will soon open this new window.
Several lines of development were required to make the search for gravitational waves realistic. Despite the early recognition by Einstein that linearized gravity had wave solutions, the physical reality of gravitational waves remained in dispute for many decades. The reason for this was the absence of formalisms able to separate physical degrees of freedom in the field equations from coordinate (gauge) effects. A well known, striking example was Einstein's conviction that the Einstein–Rosen cylindrical waves [1] were not physical and furthermore that the character of this exact solution proved that there were no physical gravitational waves in the full theory. While Einstein retrieved the correct interpretation in the nick of time [2], the question remained unsettled until correct, gauge-invariant formulations of the problem were developed. The first of these, from Bondi's group [3-5], used the “news function” to demonstrate that, far from the source, one could quantify the energy carried away by gravitational waves. Further developments in understanding equations of motion, gauge freedom, and other methods to identify gravitational waves in the background spacetime led to approximation methods with greater precision and broader application than the original linear waves [6,7]. In addition, the first half-century of general relativity saw the physically relevant exact solutions of Schwarzschild [8] and, much later, Kerr [9].
General Relativity and Gravitation
- A Centennial Perspective
- Edited by Abhay Ashtekar, Beverly K. Berger, James Isenberg, Malcolm MacCallum
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- Published online:
- 05 June 2015
- Print publication:
- 01 June 2015
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Explore spectacular advances in cosmology, relativistic astrophysics, gravitational wave science, mathematics, computational science, and the interface of gravitation and quantum physics with this unique celebration of the centennial of Einstein's discovery of general relativity. Twelve comprehensive and in-depth reviews, written by a team of world-leading international experts, together present an up-to-date overview of key topics at the frontiers of these areas, with particular emphasis on the significant developments of the last three decades. Interconnections with other fields of research are also highlighted, making this an invaluable resource for both new and experienced researchers. Commissioned by the International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation, and including accessible introductions to cutting-edge topics, ample references to original research papers, and informative colour figures, this is a definitive reference for researchers and graduate students in cosmology, relativity, and gravitational science.
Part Three - Gravity is Geometry, after all
- Edited by Abhay Ashtekar, Pennsylvania State University, Beverly K. Berger, James Isenberg, University of Oregon, Malcolm MacCallum, University of Bristol
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- General Relativity and Gravitation
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- 05 June 2015
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- 01 June 2015, pp 347-360
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Summary
Introduction
Einstein's general relativity is a mathematically beautiful application of geometric ideas to gravitational physics. Motion is determined by geodesics in spacetime, tidal effects between physical bodies can be read directly from the curvature of that spacetime, and the curvature is closely tied to matter and its motion in spacetime. When proposed in 1915, general relativity was a completely new way to think about physical phenomena, based on the geometry of curved spacetimes that was largely unknown to physicists.
While the geometric nature of Einstein's theory is beautiful and conceptually simple, the fundamental working structure of the theory as a system of partial differential equations (PDEs) is much more complex. Einstein's equations are not easily categorized as wave- like or potential-like or heat-like, and they are pervasively nonlinear. Hence, despite the great interest in general relativity, mathematical progress in studying Einstein's equations (beyond the discovery of a small collection of explicit solutions with lots of symmetry) was quite slow for a number of years.
This changed significantly in the 1950s with the appearance of Yvonne Choquet- Bruhat's proof that the Einstein equations can be treated as a well-posed Cauchy problem [1]. The long-term effects of this work have been profound: Mathematically, it has led to the present status of Einstein's equations as one of the most interesting and important systems in PDE theory and in geometrical analysis. Physically, the well-posedness of the Cauchy problem for the Einstein equations has led directly to our present ability to numerically simulate (with remarkable accuracy) solutions of these equations which model a wide range of novel phenomena in the strong-field regime.
The Cauchy formulation of general relativity splits the problem of solving Einstein's equations, and studying the behavior of these solutions, into two equally important tasks: First, one finds an initial data set – a “snapshot” of the gravitational field and its rate of change – which satisfies the Einstein constraint equations, which are essentially four of the ten Einstein field equations.
Preface
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- By Abhay Ashtekar, The Pennsylvania State University, Beverly K. Berger, International Society on Relativity and Gravitation, James Isenberg, University of Oregon, Malcolm A. H. MacCallum, Queen Mary University of London
- Edited by Abhay Ashtekar, Pennsylvania State University, Beverly K. Berger, James Isenberg, University of Oregon, Malcolm MacCallum, University of Bristol
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- General Relativity and Gravitation
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- 05 June 2015
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- 01 June 2015, pp xiii-xiv
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Summary
The discovery of general relativity by Albert Einstein 100 years ago was quickly recognized as a supreme triumph of the human intellect. To paraphrase Hermann Weyl, wider expanses and greater depths were suddenly exposed to the searching eye of knowledge, regions of which there was not even an inkling. For 8 years, Einstein had been consumed by the tension between Newtonian gravity and the spacetime structure of special relativity. At first no one had any appreciation for his passion. Indeed, “as an older friend,” Max Planck advised him against this pursuit, “for, in the first place you will not succeed, and even if you succeed, no one will believe you.” Fortunately Einstein persisted and discovered a theory that represents an unprecedented combination of mathematical elegance, conceptual depth and observational success. For over 25 centuries, spacetime had been a stage on which the dynamics of matter unfolded. Suddenly the stage joined the troupe of actors. As decades passed, new aspects of this revolutionary paradigm continued to emerge. It was found that the entire universe is undergoing an expansion. Spacetime regions can get so warped that even light can be trapped in them. Ripples of spacetime curvature can carry detailed imprints of cosmic explosions in the distant reaches of the universe. A century has now passed since Einstein's discovery and yet every researcher who studies general relativity in a serious manner continues to be enchanted by its magic.
This volume was commissioned by the International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation to celebrate a century of successive triumphs of general relativity as it expanded its scientific reach. Through its 12 Chapters, divided into four Parts, the volume takes us through this voyage, highlighting the advances that have occurred during the last three decades or so, roughly since the publication of the 1979 volumes celebrating the cen- tennial of Einstein's birth.
List of tables
- Edited by Abhay Ashtekar, Pennsylvania State University, Beverly K. Berger, James Isenberg, University of Oregon, Malcolm MacCallum, University of Bristol
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- General Relativity and Gravitation
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- 05 June 2015
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- 01 June 2015, pp xxii-xxii
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Notes on contributors
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- By David Berger, Andrew Berish, Benjamin Bierman, Anthony Brown, Anna Harwell Celenza, Bill Dobbins, Will Friedwald, Benjamin Givan, Edward Green, John Howland, Stephen D. James, J. Walker James, Jeffrey Magee, Dan Morgenstern, Marcello Piras, Brian Priestley, Evan Spring, Walter van de Leur, Trevor Weston, Olly W. Wilson
- Edited by Edward Green
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Companion to Duke Ellington
- Published online:
- 18 December 2014
- Print publication:
- 08 January 2015, pp vii-x
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Contributors
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- By Lenard A. Adler, Pinky Agarwal, Rehan Ahmed, Jagga Rao Alluri, Fawaz Al-Mufti, Samuel Alperin, Michael Amoashiy, Michael Andary, David J. Anschel, Padmaja Aradhya, Vandana Aspen, Esther Baldinger, Jee Bang, George D. Baquis, John J. Barry, Jason J. S. Barton, Julius Bazan, Amanda R. Bedford, Marlene Behrmann, Lourdes Bello-Espinosa, Ajay Berdia, Alan R. Berger, Mark Beyer, Don C. Bienfang, Kevin M. Biglan, Thomas M. Boes, Paul W. Brazis, Jonathan L. Brisman, Jeffrey A. Brown, Scott E. Brown, Ryan R. Byrne, Rina Caprarella, Casey A. Chamberlain, Wan-Tsu W. Chang, Grace M. Charles, Jasvinder Chawla, David Clark, Todd J. Cohen, Joe Colombo, Howard Crystal, Vladimir Dadashev, Sarita B. Dave, Jean Robert Desrouleaux, Richard L. Doty, Robert Duarte, Jeffrey S. Durmer, Christyn M. Edmundson, Eric R. Eggenberger, Steven Ender, Noam Epstein, Alberto J. Espay, Alan B. Ettinger, Niloofar (Nelly) Faghani, Amtul Farheen, Edward Firouztale, Rod Foroozan, Anne L. Foundas, David Elliot Friedman, Deborah I. Friedman, Steven J. Frucht, Oded Gerber, Tal Gilboa, Martin Gizzi, Teneille G. Gofton, Louis J. Goodrich, Malcolm H. Gottesman, Varda Gross-Tsur, Deepak Grover, David A. Gudis, John J. Halperin, Maxim D. Hammer, Andrew R. Harrison, L. Anne Hayman, Galen V. Henderson, Steven Herskovitz, Caitlin Hoffman, Laryssa A. Huryn, Andres M. Kanner, Gary P. Kaplan, Bashar Katirji, Kenneth R. Kaufman, Annie Killoran, Nina Kirz, Gad E. Klein, Danielle G. Koby, Christopher P. Kogut, W. Curt LaFrance, Patrick J.M. Lavin, Susan W. Law, James L. Levenson, Richard B. Lipton, Glenn Lopate, Daniel J. Luciano, Reema Maindiratta, Robert M. Mallery, Georgios Manousakis, Alan Mazurek, Luis J. Mejico, Dragana Micic, Ali Mokhtarzadeh, Walter J. Molofsky, Heather E. Moss, Mark L. Moster, Manpreet Multani, Siddhartha Nadkarni, George C. Newman, Rolla Nuoman, Paul A. Nyquist, Gaia Donata Oggioni, Odi Oguh, Denis Ostrovskiy, Kristina Y. Pao, Juwen Park, Anastas F. Pass, Victoria S. Pelak, Jeffrey Peterson, John Pile-Spellman, Misha L. Pless, Gregory M. Pontone, Aparna M. Prabhu, Michael T. Pulley, Philip Ragone, Prajwal Rajappa, Venkat Ramani, Sindhu Ramchandren, Ritesh A. Ramdhani, Ramses Ribot, Heidi D. Riney, Diana Rojas-Soto, Michael Ronthal, Daniel M. Rosenbaum, David B. Rosenfield, Durga Roy, Michael J. Ruckenstein, Max C. Rudansky, Eva Sahay, Friedhelm Sandbrink, Jade S. Schiffman, Angela Scicutella, Maroun T. Semaan, Robert C. Sergott, Aashit K. Shah, David M. Shaw, Amit M. Shelat, Claire A. Sheldon, Anant M. Shenoy, Yelizaveta Sher, Jessica A. Shields, Tanya Simuni, Rajpaul Singh, Eric E. Smouha, David Solomon, Mehri Songhorian, Steven A. Sparr, Egilius L. H. Spierings, Eve G. Spratt, Beth Stein, S.H. Subramony, Rosa Ana Tang, Cara Tannenbaum, Hakan Tekeli, Amanda J. Thompson, Michael J. Thorpy, Matthew J. Thurtell, Pedro J. Torrico, Ira M. Turner, Scott Uretsky, Ruth H. Walker, Deborah M. Weisbrot, Michael A. Williams, Jacques Winter, Randall J. Wright, Jay Elliot Yasen, Shicong Ye, G. Bryan Young, Huiying Yu, Ryan J. Zehnder
- Edited by Alan B. Ettinger, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, Deborah M. Weisbrot, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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- Neurologic Differential Diagnosis
- Published online:
- 05 June 2014
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- 17 April 2014, pp xi-xx
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Epitaxial graphene on silicon carbide: Introduction to structured graphene
- Ming Ruan, Yike Hu, Zelei Guo, Rui Dong, James Palmer, John Hankinson, Claire Berger, Walt A. de Heer
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- Journal:
- MRS Bulletin / Volume 37 / Issue 12 / December 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 November 2012, pp. 1138-1147
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- December 2012
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We present an introduction to the rapidly growing field of epitaxial graphene on silicon carbide, tracing its development from the original proof-of-concept experiments a decade ago to its present, highly evolved state. The potential of epitaxial graphene as a new electronic material is now being recognized. Whether the ultimate promise of graphene-based electronics will ever be realized remains an open question. Silicon electronics is based on single-crystal substrates that allow reliable patterning on the nanoscale, which is an absolute requirement for any new electronic material. That is why epitaxial graphene is based on single-crystal silicon carbide. We also present recent results on nanopatterned graphene produced by etching the silicon carbide before annealing so that the graphene structures are produced in their final shapes. This avoids postannealing patterning, which is known to greatly affect transport properties on the nanoscale. Creating such structured graphene is an elegant method for avoiding pervasive patterning problems.
Contributors
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- By Giustino Albanese, Andrew Amaranto, Brandon H. Backlund, Alexander Baxter, Abraham Berger, Mark Bernstein, Marian E. Betz, Omar Bholat, Suzanne Bigelow, Carl Bonnett, Elizabeth Borock, Christopher B. Colwell, Alasdair Conn, Moira Davenport, David Dreitlein, Aaron Eberhardt, Ugo A. Ezenkwele, Diana Felton, Spiros G. Frangos, John E. Frank, Jonathan S. Gates, Lewis Goldfrank, Pinchas Halpern, Jean Hammel, Kristin E. Harkin, Jason S. Haukoos, E. Parker Hays, Aaron Hexdall, James F. Holmes, Debra Houry, Jennifer Isenhour, Andy Jagoda, John L. Kendall, Erica Kreisman, Nancy Kwon, Eric Legome, Matthew R. Levine, Phillip D. Levy, Charles Little, Marion Machado, Heather Mahoney, Vincent J. Markovchick, Nancy Martin, John Marx, Julie Mayglothling, Ron Medzon, Maurizio A. Miglietta, Elizabeth L. Mitchell, Ernest Moore, Maria E. Moreira, Sassan Naderi, Salvatore Pardo, Sajan Patel, David Peak, Christine Preblick, Niels K. Rathlev, Charles Ray, Phillip L. Rice, Carlo L. Rosen, Peter Rosen, Livia Santiago-Rosado, Tamara A. Scerpella, David Schwartz, Fred Severyn, Kaushal Shah, Lee W. Shockley, Mari Siegel, Matthew Simons, Michael Stern, D. Matthew Sullivan, Carrie D. Tibbles, Knox H. Todd, Shawn Ulrich, Neil Waldman, Kurt Whitaker, Stephen J. Wolf, Daniel Zlogar
- Edited by Eric Legome, Lee W. Shockley
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- Book:
- Trauma
- Published online:
- 07 September 2011
- Print publication:
- 16 June 2011, pp ix-xiv
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Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. 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- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Gene expression and phenotypic change in Paramecium tetraurelia exconjugants
- James D. Berger
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- Genetical Research / Volume 27 / Issue 2 / April 1976
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- 14 April 2009, pp. 123-134
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A study of the patterns of phenotypic change in exconjugants using the recessive behavioural mutant pawn (pwA) and its wild-type allele shows that both cytoplasmic and nuclear factors contribute to phenomic lag. Following loss of the wild-type allele from the macronucleus, phenomic lag lasts for 6–11 cell cycles in various sublines of a single clone. Inherited cytoplasmic material is estimated to be responsible for phenomic lag of no more than 5–6 cell cycles. Longer persistence of the parental phenotype is due to continued gene activity in macronuclear fragments carrying the wild-type allele. Genes in fragments remain active and can result in maintenance of the parental phenotype as long as fragments are present (up to 11 cell cycles).
Phenomic lag in the other direction, from pawn to wild type, varies from 0 to 2 cell cycles. The major cytoplasmic factor involved is the amount of wild-type material acquired from the mate during conjugation. Extensive cytoplasmic exchange often occurs during normal conjugation and can lead to change of phenotype as early as the first meiotic division. Phenotypic change due to gene expression in macronuclear anlagen brings about phenotypic change near the end of the first cell cycle in +/+ cells and about a cell cycle later in heterozygotes.